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Vitamin B12 absorption depends on a chain of steps that is more fragile than most nutrients: stomach parietal cells must secrete intrinsic factor (IF) — a glycoprotein that binds B12 and escorts it to dedicated receptors in the ileum for absorption. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells (pernicious anemia), gastric atrophy with age, or long-term use of proton pump inhibitors all reduce IF secretion, making oral tablet B12 largely ineffective regardless of dose. Liquid sublingual B12 bypasses this mechanism — the oral mucosa absorbs B12 directly into the bloodstream without requiring IF. The form of B12 also matters: methylcobalamin is the biologically active coenzyme form, ready to enter the methylation cycle immediately; cyanocobalamin (the common synthetic form in tablets) must be converted to methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin in the liver before use. B12 in the methylation cycle converts homocysteine to methionine (requiring methylcobalamin) and methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (requiring adenosylcobalamin) — this second reaction, in particular, is involved in myelin sheath synthesis; blockage causes progressive neurological damage. NOW Ultra B12 provides 1,000 mcg per 1 ml serving (41,667% DV) in a natural orange liquid. 4 fl oz, ~120 servings.
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